3 Conflated – 11 12 – Gordon Elliott. 15 at Aintree on 15th April 2023. Grand National runners and odds: the full list of horses for Aintree 1 Any Second Now. 100/1 – The biggest. By Marcus Armytage, at Aintree. Last year’s runner-up, Any Second Now tops the list off a handicap mark of 167. Venue: Aintree Racecourse Date: Saturday 9 April Time: 17:15 BST. 3 Galvin – 11 11 – Gordon Elliott. The top 40 are guaranteed their spots. The Grand National fences are arguably the most famous horse racing steeplechases in the world. Grand National 2023 full results. Corach Rambler (T: Lucinda Russell; J: TBC) 13/2. Reigning Grand National champion Minella Times heads the weights as the full line-up for this year's race was confirmed. The odds are correct as of 9pm on. The 2023 Grand National took place for the 175th time at Aintree today. 3. The Grand National race is run over a distance of about four miles and two and half furlongs. The Randox Grand National Festival 2022 is already underway at Aintree Racecourse and excitement is building for the main event on Saturday. Grand National result predicted by ChatGPT as big favourite tipped to win; Story Saved. Corach Rambler (Trainer: Lucinda Russell, Jockey: TBC), 7/1. The Telegraph. Corach Rambler gave Lucinda Russell a second success in the Grand National. Last year Noble Yeats was victorious at 50-1, becoming the first seven-year-old to win. Corach Rambler (T: Lucinda Russell; J: TBC) 13/2. Nigel Twiston-Davies is the most successful trainer of Grand National horses, with 2 wins and 3 placed finishes from 43 runners. Dating back to 1829, racing over fences at Aintree Racecourse has evolved over the years, proving to be one of the most challenging tests, over distance, for runners and riders. He is the most recognised winner of the race as he stormed to three unprecedented Grand Nationals in 1973, 1974, and 1977. Full Grand National Day Schedule (all times BST): 1:45pm: Systems Handicap Hurdle (Grade 3) 2010 Grand National. The maximum. Acapella Bourgeois, 11, Willie Mullins. The easiest way to get to Grand Canyon West is to fly into Las Vegas and make the 2-hour drive to the site. The race was won by Corbiere, the first Grand National winner to have been trained by a female trainer in. Here are the runners and current odds for the 2023 Grand National: Grand National runners and odds. 15pm. The 2013 Grand National is one that many people will remember for the result we saw. The 2009 Grand National (officially known as the John Smith's Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 162nd running of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 4 April 2009. 1 – West Balboa (9/2) 2 – Pounding Poet (50/1). The Randox Grand National 2024 takes place at Aintree Racecourse from April 11-13. This way you can make the Grand National showpiece race even more exciting. Jockey: Sean O'Keeffe. Born By The Sea. First amateur jockey to win the Gold Cup and Grand National. Grand National 2022 full results: 1. Grand National 2023: Full list of runners and odds. The 2023 Grand National takes place at Aintree today, with another horse, jockey and trainer set to join the illustrious list of winners of the sport’s most famous race. 10 Carefully Selected. Rachael Blackmore's mount, 14-1 with the bookmakers for a repeat, carries. 15pm. It was clear from the first running of the race 1839 that the ‘National’ was destined to become more than just another steeplechase, the spectators who witnessed jockey Captain Becher fall at. Full Grand National Day Schedule (all times BST): 1:45pm: Systems. Jockeys Making Their Debut In 2023. The event was sponsored by Randox Health with Natasha Jonas acting as ambassador. Grand National horses 2023: Full list of runners and riders in Aintree showpiece. GET TO KNOW THE GRAND NATIONAL RUNNERS WITH OUR HORSE-BY-HORSE GUIDE; 1. 28 Colorado Doc 11 10 0 David Brace. Here are the runners and current odds for the 2023 Grand National: Grand National runners and odds. 3. Rule 4 may apply. The 2012 Grand National (officially known as the John Smith's Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 165th annual renewal of the Grand National horse race at. Any Second Now Mark Walsh 9-1. On 16th February 2021. Full list of confirmed 2023 Grand National runners Below are the 40 confirmed horses that re to take part in the Grand National 2023 and their current odds. Delta Work. Follow the latest updates from Aintree and the 174th edition of the iconic handicap steeplechaseAintree start time, runners and betting. They were: Tommy Dowson, Conor Orr, Ricky Doyle, Philip Armson, Jordan Gainford, Hugh Nugent, and Harry Bannister. 1. Bet £10 Get £40 in Free Bets New cust only. Lifetime Ambition; 10. Accessibility links. 15pm). Owned by JP McManus, he bids to become only the second seven-year-old to win the National since Bogskar in 1940 after Noble Yeats last year. The Grand National is a National Hunt horse race which is held annually at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England. Unfortunately for all involved, and in particular the connections, Discorama and Eclair Surf were euthanised following injuries sustained in the race. First run in 1839, the steeplechase will see competing horses and jockeys clear 30 fences in the hopes of etching their names in history. Grand National runners and odds Corach Rambler 13/2 Delta Work, Noble Yeats 8/11988 Grand National: Results, Runners & Fallers. Remaining Grand National 2023 Contenders. T&Cs apply. Here are the runners and current odds for the 2023 Grand National: Grand National runners and odds. The maximum grand national field is 40 runners and riders and the full number of horses are likely to start the 2024 Grand National unless there are any late withdrawals. The greatest show on turf returns for another year as 39 runners and riders prepare to tackle the Grand National at Aintree. Here are the runners and current odds for the 2023 Grand National: Grand National runners and odds. Jockeys Making Their Debut In 2023. 05pm: 2m Farmhouse Foods Novice Handicap Hurdle (4yo+) 1 Gjoumi (FR) Jack Foley (5) 11/140 runners will be selected to tackle the four-and-a-bit mile course, with a longer list of entrants to be narrowed down before 15 April. Republican presidential candidate businessman Vivek Ramaswamy talks with Florida Gov. 18+ UK & ROI Online and Mobile customers only. Results. Below is the Grand National winners’ list. Royale Pagaille – 11-8. 15pm. As one of the most valuable events on the horse racing calendar anywhere in the world, the prize fund for the Grand National is vast. The odds are correct as of 9pm on. 3 Galvin – 11 11 – Gordon Elliott. Run Wild Fred. Noble Yeats was a relatively untried novice. Claim Bet365 Offer. Delta Work Jack Kennedy 8-1. 2 Minella Times – 11 09 – Henry De Bromhead. Here are the runners and current odds for the 2023 Grand National: Grand National runners and odds. Hill Sixteen. Galvin - Davy Russell 4. only 17 of the 39 runners. 17 of the 39 runners completed. Noble Yeats was a 50-1 winner of the National last. Corach. Grand National: Full result & analysis. The nine-year-old, who was sent off the 8-1 favourite, finished clear of Vanillier, Gaillard Du Mesnil, last year's winner Noble Yeats and The Big Dog under Derek Fox. 7 Win My Wings Rob James (7) 8 Ashtown Lad Harry Skelton. It was 12 months ago when 50/1 outsider Noble Yeats delivered a fine send-off for jockey Sam Waley-Cohen, the amateur rider landing the contest on the final ride of his career. G. 20 Diol Ker (FR) 9-10-8 149 Gigginstown House Stud Noel Meade IRE. The 2021 Grand National weights have been revealed and it is a triple header as Bristol De Mai, Easysland, and Santini have all been handed top weight of 11-10. Came to this race in 2021 and 2022 off the back of a Graded win and does so again today at the age of 11; did sterling work from off the pace to be third and second in those last two Grand Nationals; 20 lengths clear of the third when he chased home Noble Yeats last year and, despite today's 8lb higher mark. Ash. The final reserve runners and riders have also been confirmed. Kieren Buckley – Diol Ker. 3. So without further ado, here is the full list of weights for all 104 entries. Noble Yeats (Emmet Mullins,. Top Betting Sites to Bet on the Grand National 5 /5 William Hill - Bet £10 Get £30 Free Bets Express Sport takes you through the list of runners and riders for the 2023 Grand National with their prices, at the time of writing – as provided by William Hill… 1. 2023 Grand National: 'It'll be a big ask but he's progressed well' - Noble Yeats camp confident despite 19lb rise. Andrew Francis. Grand National runners and riders. Noble Yeats (Emmet Mullins,. The showpiece steeplechase over a distance of 4 miles 514 yards (6. The Grand National is scheduled to get underway at 5. 3 Kitty's Light Jack Tudor. The race was set to start at 5. 3 Fusain (B S Hughes) 40-1. First held in 1839, the Grand National returns on Saturday, April 15 with one of the most anticipated spectacles on the racing calendar. 907 km)), with horses jumping 30 fences over two laps. He was sired by Indian River and he is in the process of making his own great bloodline. The 2022 Grand National is set to take place this weekend as Aintree welcomes back one of the most famous races of the year. 4. 2012. Grand National 2023: Full list of entries as 50 remain on course for Aintree. 40 runners will be selected to tackle the four-and-a-bit mile course, with a longer list of entrants to be narrowed down before 15 April. Digital Newspaper Horse Tracker Free Bets My. This classy performer must buck history, for not since 1899 has an 11-year-old managed to win race carrying as. Least Grand National Runners - 10 in 1883. The 2021 Grand National (officially known as the Randox 2021 Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 173rd annual running of the Grand National horse race, held at Aintree Racecourse in Liverpool, England, [1] on 10 April 2021. Cutting Aintree Grand National to 34 runners is a welcome move. The Big Dog - Aidan Coleman 6. 17:15 Randox Grand National (Grade 3) 4m 2 1/2f. 15, Saturday April 15A wide open field line up for the Scottish Grand National on Saturday. Below are the remaining 50 horses still in contention for the 2023 Grand National. Ante-post favourite Coach Rambler heads the field in the £1million showpiece on. 15pm on Saturday (15th April), 40 Randox Grand National runners will line up for the 175th running of world’s greatest steeplechase in front of a peak global television audience of. Delta Work 10/1. The main race was held at 16:15 BST and was won by Don't Push It, ridden by Tony McCoy, five lengths ahead of Black. The most prestigious race on the National Hunt calendar will be hotly contestedFull list of The Grand National 2022 runners and riders Runners and riders in action as they compete in the Close Brothers Red Rum Handicap Chase at Aintree Racecourse, Liverpool. CAPODANNO (Willie Mullins; Danny Mullins) 5/10. Mr Incredible (14/1) 5. 1 Corach Rambler 8/1. Santini 33/1. Grand National 2023 – Facts & Figures. 22 Minella Trump (IRE) 9-10-6 147 Mr TG Leslie Donald. Corach. It. Number of Runners Since 2000 - Between 38 and 40 each year. Odds provided by Betfair. 2 Any Second Now – 11 12 – Ted Walsh. The most famous event in British racing returns in 2023 with the Grand National set to be held for the 175th time at Aintree on. Corach Rambler (Trainer: Lucinda Russell, Jockey: TBC), 7/1. Full Race Result from the 5. Corach Rambler (T: Lucinda Russell; J: TBC) 13/2. Conflated – 11-12. A Wave Of The Sea. Trainer: Willie Mullins. Andrew Francis. Galvin – 11-11. Corach. Noble Yeats 10-1. Full pinstickers' guide to runners and riders; Number, horse, breeding, age. He is the most recognised winner of the race as he stormed to three unprecedented Grand Nationals in 1973, 1974, and 1977. rand National - LIVE! Sam Waley-Cohen’s career has ended with a dream Grand National success courtesy of 50/1 outsider Noble Yeats. 2018 Grand National. Noble Yeats on their way to winning the Grand National (Photo: PA) Advertisement. 40 runners are ready to tackle the four-and-a-bit mile course, with a trio of favourites heading the betting. The full 40-strong field for Saturday's highly-anticipated Randox Grand National at Aintree has been declared. The full list of Grand National weights for Aintree 2023. via Betfair. Fury Road; 5. NEWS. Video Loading. First amateur jockey to win the Gold Cup and Grand National. Corach Rambler (Trainer: Lucinda Russell, Jockey: TBC), 7/1. The 2023 Grand National (officially known as the Randox 2023 Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 175th annual running of the Grand National horse race. The 2011 Grand National (officially known as the John Smith's Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 164th renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England. 2023 is proving another great year for jockeys who will take to the Grand National for the first time. The 2008 Grand National (officially known as the John Smith's Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 161st official annual running of the Grand National steeplechase which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 5 April 2008 [1] and attracted the maximum permitted field of 40 runners, competing for total prize. Grand National 2022 runners and riders: Full list of entries for Aintree race. Delta Work (T: Gordon Elliott; J: TBC) 8/1The Randox Grand National Festival 2022 is already underway at Aintree Racecourse. The most famous event in the British racing returns in 2023 with the Grand National set to be held at Aintree. No, Name, Age, Weight, Rating, Owner, Trainer. See the full list of confirmed riders and runners. Here are the runners and. Noble Yeats (8/1) 3. However, Gordon Elliott has had 2 winners and 2 placed horses from just 16 runners, while Jonjo O'Neill has managed 7 placed finished and 1 win from 31 runners. Results. 45pm: Systems Handicap Hurdle. Odds (via SkyBet) Delta Work. Free Bets are paid as Bet Credits and are available for use upon settlement of bets to value of qualifying deposit. Sent off the 8/1 favourite under Derek Fox, the nine-year-old jumped into the lead going to the last and surged well clear of runner-up Vanillier, who could not close the gap on the run-in. Full Grand National Day Schedule (all times BST): 1:45pm: Systems Handicap Hurdle (Grade 3)3. The Grand National itself is due to start at 5. Reigning Grand National champion Minella Times heads the weights as the full line-up for this year's race was confirmed. Min first £/€5 bet within 14 days of account reg at min odds 1/2 to get 4x £/€5 free bets. Sam Brown; 9. The full list of runners and riders and Grand National odds. The Grand National - the nation's biggest racing event - is right around the corner and will see thousands of racegoers head to Aintree to spectate some of the sport's best runners and riders. Full list of The Grand National 2022 runners and riders Runners and riders in action as they compete in the Close Brothers Red Rum Handicap Chase at Aintree Racecourse, Liverpool. Alan Johns – Eva’s Oskar. First held in 1839, the Grand National returns on Saturday, April 15 with one of the most anticipated spectacles on the racing calendar. 6 Jersey Bean Brendan Powell. Any Second Now. . Trainer: Jessica Harrington. 5 The Big Dog 12/1. 05pm: 2m Farmhouse Foods Novice Handicap Hurdle (4yo+) 1 Gjoumi (FR) Jack Foley (5) 11/1The 2023 Grand National takes place at Aintree today, with another horse, jockey and trainer set to join the illustrious list of winners of the sport’s most famous race. Conflated – 11-12. Capodanno. Hewick – 11-12. 40 runners are ready to tackle the four-and-a-bit mile course, with a trio of favourites heading the betting. Here is the full list of horses currently entered and their weight: Any Second Now – 11-12. Exclusive offers for new customers. Full Grand National Day Schedule (all times BST): 1:45pm: Systems Handicap Hurdle (Grade 3)The 2010 Grand National (officially known as the John Smith's Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 163rd renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 10 April 2010. View MoreView Basket. MacDonagh (5) 2 Vintage Clouds Sean Quinlan. 1 – Jonbon (2/11) 2. Full List of 2023 Grand National Entries. After a few non-runners, here is the updated list of Grand National runners and riders: 1 Minella Times (IRE) 9-11-10 161 JP McManus Henry de Bromhead (IRE) Rachael. Horse. 00pm: Maghull Novices’ Chase. It was 12 months ago. The 2007 Grand National (officially known as the John Smith's Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 160th official annual running of the world-famous Grand National steeplechase which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 14 April 2007 and attracted the maximum permitted field of forty competitors for a total prize money of £700,000 including £399,140 to the. Noble Yeats; 3. The Grand National is scheduled for Saturday, April 15, 2023. It was a clean sweep for Ireland, with owners; Gigginstown Stud being Irish based, and jockey David Mullins riding home. Any Second Now 15/2 f. Below are the remaining 78 horses still in contention for the 2022 Grand National. The Big Dog Aidan Coleman 6. Reigning Grand National champion Minella Times heads the weights as the full line-up for this year's race was confirmed. The full list of Grand National runners for 2016 is upon us – and it looks like last year’s winner Many Clouds will be racing again. The field of 40 runners has been declared for the 2023 Randox Grand National at Aintree Racecourse this Saturday after just one horse was taken out from the initial 50 at the five-day declaration stage. The race was set to start at 5. 2016 Grand National: Results, Runners & Fallers. 35pm: Ryanair. Theo Gillard – Minella Trump. Any Second Now 12/1. The final field has been declared for the Randox Grand National and you can check out our horse-by-horse guide to all 40 runners. The following day, Aintree announced that 115 horses had. The main race was held at 16:15 BST and was won by Don't Push It, ridden by Tony McCoy, five. The 2017 Grand National (officially known as the 2017 Randox Health Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 170th official running of the Grand National horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England. 2022 : Noble Yeats (50/1)See the odds for all 2023 Grand National entries. . Noble Yeats (Emmet Mullins,. Waley-Cohen becomes the first amateur to succeed since Marcus Armytage won on Mr Frisk in 1990. Odds provided by Betfair. 4 Noble Yeats 10/1. Randox Grand National When: 5. Minella Trump - Theo Gillard. If 21 or fewer horses run the place terms will be 1/5 the odds 1-2-3-4-5. The Grand National is one of the most gruelling horse races of the season at more than four miles long with 30 fences to face over two laps. Jockey: Adrian Heskin. 2 Vaniller 20/1. Capodanno - Danny Mullins 7. The full list of Grand. Here are the runners and current odds for the 2023 Grand National: Grand National runners and odds. Follow all the latest updates from the 2022 Grand National at Aintree as one of British sport’s most iconic events returns for a 174th edition. The Grand National is one of the most gruelling horse races of the season at more than four miles long with 30 fences to face over two laps. 4. 40 runners will be selected to tackle the four-and-a-bit mile course, with a longer list of entrants to be narrowed down before 15 April. Below is the Grand National winners’ list. The full list of runners and riders and Grand National odds. The race was set to start at 5. Noble Yeats wins for amateur jockey Sam Waley-Cohen at 50/1. Ferrari are still fuming over Carlos Sainz's 10-place grid penalty at the recent Las Vegas Grand Prix – a result of the extensive damage to his car caused by a loose. Here are the runners and current odds for the 2023 Grand National: Grand National runners and odds. The history of the Randox Grand National Festival can be traced back to. It appears that horses Gordon Elliott trained, Gevrey, Punitive, Fakiera, and Milan Native, ended up under the 40 cut-off line for the sporting event. Digital Newspaper Horse Tracker Free Bets My. Any Second Now. Grand National 2023 runners full list. Grand National horses 2023: Full list of runners and riders in Aintree showpiece. . 5. 3. Noble Yeats Sean Bowen. Grand National Fences. Mr Incredible (14/1) 5. Returned at 50-1, he defeated 15-2 Favourite Any Second Now by two and a quarter lengths with Delta Work (10-1) third and Santini (33-1) fourth. PAYING 6 PLACES IN THE GRAND NATIONAL. Can be known to restrict winning punters. April 13, 2023 1:14 pm (Updated April 15, 2023 12:40 pm) The 2023 Grand National will start with 40 runners and riders after a full field was declared for Aintree’s big race on Saturday. (Topic -Darlington) by "Evening Gazette (Middlesbrough, England) (Online Ed. 3. Galvin, Davy Russell, 18/1 4. Here are the runners and current odds for the 2023 Grand National: Grand National runners and odds. com Grand National runners 2023. Any Second Now Mark Walsh 9-1. Any Second Now (Jockey: Mark Walsh, Trainer: Ted Walsh) Noble Yeats (Jockey: Sean Bowen, Trainer: Emmet Mullins) Galvin (Jockey: Davy Russell. 40 runners will be selected to tackle the four-and-a-bit mile course, with a longer list of entrants to be narrowed down before 15 April. Trainer: Jessica Harrington. Here's a full list of runners and riders for all eight races, the first of which starts at 2. The 2016 Grand National went across the Irish Sea to Ireland, with Rule The World winning the race, at the huge price of 33/1. How Aintree Grand National favourites performed at the 2023 Cheltenham Festival. 13:00, 15 Apr 2023. Seven clear favourites have won the race, with three winners at 100/1. 2 Any Second Now – 11 12 – Ted Walsh. 8-1 favourite Corach Rambler triumphed for jockey Derek Fox and trainer Lucinda Russell. The 2006 Grand National (officially known as the John Smith's Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 159th official annual running of the Grand National steeplechase which took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 8 April 2006 and attracted the maximum permitted field of forty competitors for total prize money of. The Big Dog, Aidan. Noble Yeats on their way to winning the Grand National (Photo: PA) Advertisement. Pinstickers' guide to Grand National 2022 - full list of runners, horses, trainers, jockeys and tips 31. It took place on Saturday 15 April 2023, at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England. However, by the time the runners had reached The Chair the Australian chaser Crisp,. Triple Haydock Betfair Chase winner Bristol De Mai tops the. With the weights having been announced for this year’s Aintree spectacular, here is the latest longlist and odds. Corach. Seven of the last 10 winners have been eight or nine years old. The 2016 Grand National (officially known as the 2016 Crabbie's Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 169th annual running of the Grand National horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England. Grand National weights: Full list of Aintree 2023 entries and weights. Any Second Now, Conflated and Hewick have been given joint top-weight for this year's Grand. Grand National full results: winners from previous Aintree races. 4. Noble Yeats (Emmet Mullins,. Gaillard du Mesnil 10-1. Here are the runners and current odds for the 2023 Grand National: Grand National runners and odds. Kieren Buckley – Diol Ker. Ben Jones – Francky Du Berlais. Grand National winners do not come any more popular than the great Red Rum. Placed in the last two Nationals; up 8lb since second to Noble Yeats but was 20 lengths clear of the third. Pre-race favourite Any Second Now finishes second, Delta Work third and. 2) Vanillier. 2022 : Noble Yeats (50/1) Grand National 2023: Full list of runners and odds. Delta Work 10/1. 22 Minella Trump (IRE) 9-10-6 147 Mr TG Leslie Donald. Triumphed by six and a half lengths but has to carry 21lb. Noble Yeats was a 50-1 winner of the National last. 40 runners will be selected to tackle the four-and-a-bit mile course, with a longer list of entrants to be narrowed down before 15 April. The Telegraph. The showpiece steeplechase began at 4:15 pm BST on 9 April 2011, the final day of the three-day annual meeting. Corach Rambler (Trainer: Lucinda Russell, Jockey: TBC), 7/1. Brahma Bull. First run in 1839, the steeplechase will see competing horses and jockeys clear 30. Minella Times won the 2021 edition and should he be back to defend his crown in 2022, he will do so with his rating having risen to 161 – up 15lb from his mark of 146 last year. The 1983 Grand National (officially known as the 1983 The Sun Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 137th renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 9 April 1983. 1st £500,000. Full List Of Grand National Runners 2023. Grand National 2023: Full list of runners and odds. The showpiece steeplechase over a distance of 4 miles 514 yards (6. 2013 Grand National: Results, Runners & Fallers. Here's the latest list of confirmed runners for the Grand National 2023 (as of April 15). Pinstickers’ guide to all the runners and riders; Full list of entries for the Grand National 2023. 40 runners will be selected to tackle the four-and-a-bit mile course, with a longer list of. The 1973 Grand National in full (BBC) The 1973 Grand National was the 127th renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at the Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 31 March 1973. The 2023 Grand National takes place at Aintree today, with another horse, jockey and trainer set to join the illustrious list of winners of the. 6 Places 1/5 Odds from 10am Monday 10th April. Corach Rambler wins the Grand National 2023 5. 16:37, Mike Jones. The full list of runners and riders confirmed to be taking part in the Randox Grand National 2023 at Aintree Racecourse. Exclusive offers for new customers. Exclusions apply. .